Unicompartmental knee replacement, also known as partial knee replacement, is a surgical procedure designed to alleviate pain and improve function in patients suffering from osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases that affect a specific compartment of the knee. The knee joint comprises three main compartments: the medial (inner), lateral (outer), and patellofemoral (front) compartments. In cases where only one compartment is significantly damaged due to wear and tear, trauma, or abnormal joint mechanics, unicompartmental knee replacement can provide a targeted intervention that preserves the healthy portions of the knee. This approach contrasts with total knee replacement, which involves replacing the entire joint surface. The primary cause of the deterioration prompting this surgery is often osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by the progressive breakdown of cartilage, leading to stiffness, swelling, and pain. Factors contributing to this condition include age, obesity, previous knee injuries, and genetic predisposition. During the procedure, the surgeon makes a small incision and removes the damaged cartilage and bone from the affected compartment, then replaces it with a prosthetic implant made of metal and plastic. The benefits of unicompartmental knee replacement include a potential for quicker recovery times and a reduced risk of complications compared to total knee replacement, as the surgery is less invasive and preserves more natural bone and ligaments. Patients may experience significant reductions in pain and improved mobility post-operatively, allowing them to return to daily activities more rapidly. However, ideal candidates for this procedure typically possess a specific type of knee osteoarthritis, where the damage is confined to a single compartment, along with adequate range of motion and ligament stability to support the outcome of the surgery. Factors such as younger age, activity level, and overall health status also play a critical role in determining candidacy. Although unicompartmental knee replacements can last a long time, studies indicate that this procedure may be less durable than total knee replacement in the long run, potentially requiring revision in some cases. Overall, unicompartmental knee replacement represents a beneficial option for those individuals whose knee pain is localized in one compartment and who seek relief without the need for more extensive surgery. Rehabilitation and physical therapy are essential components of the recovery process, helping to strengthen the knee and improve range of motion while ensuring optimal outcomes. With proper patient selection, this procedure can offer an effective solution for managing knee pain and restoring functionality, helping many individuals regain their quality of life.
